Which statement best differentiates deterministic radiation effects from stochastic effects?

• A. Deterministic effects have a threshold and severity increases with dose; stochastic effects have no true threshold and probability increases with dose.
• B. Deterministic effects occur only at very high doses; stochastic effects occur at any dose with fixed probability.
• C. Deterministic effects are caused by internal contamination; stochastic effects are caused by external exposure.
• D. Deterministic effects have no dose threshold; stochastic effects have a fixed threshold.

Answer: (B)